Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Association of Shift Work with Normal-Weight Obesity in Community-Dwelling Adults: Chul Woo Ahn, Sungjae Shin, Seunghyun Lee, Hye-Sun Park, Namki Hong, Yumie Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(5):781-790. Published online October 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.1532

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Background
Shift work is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, this association in the normal-weight population remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether shift work is associated with normal-weight obesity (NWO).
Methods
From the nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) dataset (2008 to 2011), 3,800 full-time workers aged ≥19 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m² were analysed. We defined NWO as BMI ≤25 kg/m² and body fat percentage ≥25% in men and ≥37% in women. Working patterns were classified into “daytime,” “other than daytime,” and “shift.” Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between shift work and NWO.
Results
Shift work was associated with higher odds of NWO than daytime work (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 2.09) and night/evening work (aOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.14) after adjustment for type of work, working hours, age, sex, BMI, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and other sociodemographic factors. In subgroup analyses, the association between shift work and NWO was more robust in those aged ≥60 years and those working ≥56 hours/week.
Conclusion
Shift work was associated with NWO in community-dwelling Korean adults, independent of age, sex, BMI, and other covariates.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Impaired Melatonin Secretion, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Night Shift Work
Sorina Hohor, Cristina Mandanach, Andreea Maftei, Corina Aurelia Zugravu, Marina Ruxandra Oțelea
Antioxidants.2023; 12(4): 959. CrossRef
Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Jeonghyeon Kim, Seamon Kang, Hyunsik Kang
Healthcare.2023; 11(16): 2303. CrossRef
You Can’t Avoid Shift Work? Then Focus on Body Fat Rather than Weight
Eun Kyung Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(5): 756. CrossRef

Clinical Study
Current Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care Clinics in Korea: Da Hea Seo, Shinae Kang, Yong-ho Lee, Jung Yoon Ha, Jong Suk Park, Byoung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong-Soo Cha; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(3):282-290. Published online September 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.282

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Background

This study investigated the overall status of diabetes control and screening for diabetic microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending primary care clinics in Korea.

Methods

In this cross-sectional observational study, 191 primary care clinics were randomly selected across Korea from 2015 to 2016. In total, 3,227 subjects were enrolled in the study.

Results

The patients followed at the primary care clinics were relatively young, with a mean age of 61.4±11.7 years, and had a relatively short duration of diabetes (mean duration, 7.6±6.5 years). Approximately 14% of subjects had diabetic microvascular complications. However, the patients treated at the primary care clinics had suboptimal control of hemoglobin A1c levels, blood pressure, and serum lipid levels, along with a metabolic target achievement rate of 5.9% according to the Korean Diabetes Association guidelines. The screening rates for diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy within the past 12 months were 28.4%, 23.3%, and 13.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

The overall status of diabetes management, including the frequency of screening for microvascular complications, was suboptimal in the primary care clinics. More efforts should be made and more resources need to be allocated for primary care physicians to promote adequate healthcare delivery, which would result in stricter diabetes control and improved management of diabetic complications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Risk of Cause-Specific Mortality across Glucose Spectrum in Elderly People: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Joonyub Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kee-Ho Song, Soon Jib Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 525. CrossRef
Comparison of on-Statin Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels for the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Event in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ji Yoon Kim, Jimi Choi, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(6): 837. CrossRef
Effectiveness of quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes in China: findings from the Shanghai Integration Model (SIM)
Chun Cai, Yuexing Liu, Yanyun Li, Yan Shi, Haidong Zou, Yuqian Bao, Yun Shen, Xin Cui, Chen Fu, Weiping Jia
Frontiers of Medicine.2022; 16(1): 126. CrossRef
Comparison of Health Outcomes by Care Provider Type for Newly Diagnosed Mild Type 2 Diabetes Patients in South Korea: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Hee-Chung Kang, Jae-Seok Hong
Healthcare.2022; 10(2): 334. CrossRef
Management Status of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at General Hospitals in Korea: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study
Jin Hee Jung, Jung Hwa Lee, Hyang Mi Jang, Young Na, Hee Sun Choi, Yeon Hee Lee, Yang Gyo Kang, Na Rae Kim, Jeong Rim Lee, Bok Rye Song, Kang Hee Sim
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2022; 23(1): 64. CrossRef
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Early Dry Skin Disorder: A Comparison Study Between Primary and Tertiary Care in Indonesia
Lili Legiawati, Kusmarinah Bramono, Wresti Indriatmi, Em Yunir, Aditya Indra Pratama
Current Diabetes Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-Term Changes in HbA1c According to Blood Glucose Control Status During the First 3 Months After Visiting a Tertiary University Hospital
Hyunah Kim, Da Young Jung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Hyeon Woo Yim, Hun-Sung Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Differences in health behavior and nutrient intake status between diabetes-aware and unaware Korean adults based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–18 data: A cross-sectional study
Anshul Sharma, Chen Lulu, Kee-Ho Song, Hae-Jeung Lee
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Chang Kyun Choi, Jungho Yang, Ji-An Jeong, Min-Ho Shin
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Firas Farisi Alkaff, Fauzan Illavi, Sovia Salamah, Wiwit Setiyawati, Ristra Ramadhani, Elly Purwantini, Dicky L. Tahapary
Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.2021; 12: 215013272098440. CrossRef
Questionnaire-based Survey of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health of Young Korean Adults with Early-Onset Diabetes
Ji In Park, Hyunjeong Baek, Sang-Wook Kim, Ji Yun Jeong, Kee-Ho Song, Ji Hee Yu, Il Sung Nam-Goong, Eun-Hee Cho
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Risk of Retinal Vein Occlusion Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study
Min-Kyung Lee, Bongsung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Minhee Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki-Hyun Baek, Ki-Ho Song, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Young-Jung Roh
Diabetes Care.2021; 44(10): 2419. CrossRef
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Yeon Kyung Lee
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Sung-Youn Chun, Dong Wook Kim, Sang Ah Lee, Su Jung Lee, Jung Hyun Chang, Yoon Jung Choi, Seong Woo Kim, Sun Ok Song
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Clinical Study
Triglyceride Glucose Index Is Superior to the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance for Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults: Sang Bae Lee, Min Kyung Kim, Shinae Kang, Kahui Park, Jung Hye Kim, Su Jung Baik, Ji Sun Nam, Chul Woo Ahn, Jong Suk Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(2):179-186. Published online May 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.2.179

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Background

Recently, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been considered a surrogate marker of insulin resistance which is a well-known pathogenic factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD and the effectiveness of the TyG index compared with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in identifying NAFLD in Korean adults.

Methods

Participants of 4,986 who underwent ultrasonography in a health promotion center were enrolled. The TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2], and HOMA-IR was estimated. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography.

Results

Significant differences were observed in metabolic parameters among the quartiles of the TyG index. The prevalence of NAFLD significantly increased with increment in the TyG index. After adjusting for multiple risk factors, a logistic regression analysis was performed. When the highest and lowest quartiles of the TyG index and HOMA-IR were compared, the odds ratios for the prevalence of NAFLD were 2.94 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 2.32 to 3.72 and 1.43 to 2.61; both P for trend <0.01), respectively. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD.

Conclusion

The TyG index and prevalence of NAFLD were significantly related and the TyG index was superior to HOMA-IR in predicting NAFLD in Korean adults.

Citations

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Xin Yan, Yujuan Gao, Jingzhi Tong, Mi Tian, Jinghong Dai, Yi Zhuang
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Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Raquel Cano, José Pérez, Lissé Dávila, Ángel Ortega, Yosselin Gómez, Nereida Valero-Cedeño, Heliana Parra, Alexander Manzano, Teresa Véliz Castro, María Albornoz, Gabriel Cano, Joselyn Rojas-Quintero, Maricarmen Chacín, Valmore Bermúdez
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(9): 4807. CrossRef
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M. Mirr, D. Skrypnik, P. Bogdański, M. Owecki
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2021; 44(12): 2831. CrossRef
Association Between the Triglyceride–Glucose Index and Outcomes of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Large-Scale Health Management Cohort Study
Jing Liu, Liying Guan, Meng Zhao, Qihang Li, An Song, Ling Gao, Haiyan Lin, Jiajun Zhao
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2021; Volume 14: 2829. CrossRef
Association between triglyceride-glucose index and thyroid function in euthyroid adults: The Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2015
Wonsuk Choi, Ji Yong Park, A. Ram Hong, Jee Hee Yoon, Hee Kyung Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Sun Young Lee
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(7): e0254630. CrossRef
Triglyceride glucose-waist to height ratio: a novel and effective marker for identifying hepatic steatosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mojtaba Malek, Mohammad E. Khamseh, Haleh Chehrehgosha, Sohrab Nobarani, Fariba Alaei-Shahmiri
Endocrine.2021; 74(3): 538. CrossRef
The association between triglyceride-glucose index, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and death in Korean adults: A retrospective study based on the NHIS-HEALS cohort
Joungyoun Kim, Sang-Jun Shin, Hee-Taik Kang, Claudio Passino
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(11): e0259212. CrossRef
A population-based study of TyG index distribution and its relationship to cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents
Jong Seo Yoon, Young Suk Shim, Hae Sang Lee, Il Tae Hwang, Jin Soon Hwang
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of several blood lipid-related indexes in the screening of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women: a cross-sectional study in the Pearl River Delta region of southern China
Jingrui Wang, Zhenzhen Su, Yijin Feng, Ruihan Xi, Jiamin Liu, Peixi Wang
BMC Gastroenterology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The value of the triglyceride-glucose index in the diagnosis of insulin resistance in early forms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
A. A. Shipovskaya, N. A. Larina, I. V. Kurbatova, O. P. Dudanova
Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology.2021; (10): 43. CrossRef
Triglyceride Glucose-Waist Circumference Is Superior to the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance in Identifying Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Healthy Subjects
Hwi Seung Kim, Yun Kyung Cho, Eun Hee Kim, Min Jung Lee, Chang Hee Jung, Joong-Yeol Park, Hong-Kyu Kim, Woo Je Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 11(1): 41. CrossRef
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and lobular inflammation in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: methodological considerations
Denis Monneret, Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2020; 32(4): 542. CrossRef
Helicobacter pylori infection may increase the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via promoting liver function damage, glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammatory reaction and metabolic syndrome
Chen Chen, Caiyun Zhang, Xuelin Wang, Feijuan Zhang, Ze Zhang, Pengchai Ma, Shuzhi Feng
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2020; 32(7): 857. CrossRef
Beneficial effect of anti-diabetic drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Kyung-Soo Kim, Byung-Wan Lee
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2020; 26(4): 430. CrossRef
The triglyceride-glucose index is associated with the severity of hepatic steatosis and the presence of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study in Chinese adults
Wen Guo, Jing Lu, Pei Qin, Xiaona Li, Wenfang Zhu, Juan Wu, Nianzhen Xu, Qun Zhang
Lipids in Health and Disease.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the non-obese Chinese population with normal blood lipid levels: a secondary analysis based on a prospective cohort study
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Lipids in Health and Disease.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Clinical Study
Calpain-10 and Adiponectin Gene Polymorphisms in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Ji Sun Nam, Jung Woo Han, Sang Bae Lee, Ji Hong You, Min Jin Kim, Shinae Kang, Jong Suk Park, Chul Woo Ahn; Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33(3):364-371. Published online September 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.3.364

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Background

Genetic variations in calpain-10 and adiponectin gene are known to influence insulin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in calpain-10 and adiponectin gene have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes and various metabolic derangements. We investigated the associations between specific calpain-10 and adiponectin gene polymorphisms and Korean type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods

Overall, 249 type 2 diabetes patients and 131 non-diabetic control subjects were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were genotyped for SNP-43 and -63 of calpain-10 gene and G276T and T45G frequencies of the adiponectin gene. The clinical characteristics and measure of glucose metabolism were compared within these genotypes.

Results

Among calpain-10 polymorphisms, SNP-63 T/T were more frequent in diabetes patients, and single SNP-63 increases the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. However, SNP-43 in calpain-10 and T45G and intron G276T in adiponectin gene were not significantly associated with diabetes, insulin resistance, nor insulin secretion.

Conclusion

Variations in calpain-10, SNP-63 seems to increase the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Koreans while SNP-43 and adiponectin SNP-45, -276 are not associated with impaired glucose metabolism.

Citations

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Decoding type 2 diabetes mellitus genetic risk variants in Pakistani Pashtun ethnic population using the nascent whole exome sequencing and MassARRAY genotyping: A case-control association study
Asif Jan, Zakiullah, Sajid Ali, Basir Muhammad, Amina Arshad, Yasar Shah, Haji Bahadur, Hamayun Khan, Fazli Khuda, Rani Akbar, Kiran Ijaz, Giuseppe Novelli
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(1): e0281070. CrossRef
Silencing LncRNA PVT1 Reverses High Glucose-Induced Regulation of the High Expression of PVT1 in HRMECs by Targeting miR-128-3p
Xuyang Wang, Wangling Chen, Wei Lao, Yunxin Chen
Hormone and Metabolic Research.2022; 54(02): 119. CrossRef
Association of CAPN10 (SNP-19) genetic polymorphism and obesity with T2DM: a study on Bengali Hindu caste population
Pranabesh Sarkar, Diptendu Chatterjee, Arup Ratan Bandyopadhyay
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2021; 41(1): 37. CrossRef
Association of Candidate Gene Polymorphism with Metabolic Syndrome among Mongolian Subjects: A Case-Control Study
Ariunbold Chuluun-Erdene, Orgil Sengeragchaa, Tsend-Ayush Altangerel, Purevjal Sanjmyatav, Batnaran Dagdan, Solongo Battulga, Lundiamaa Enkhbat, Nyamjav Byambasuren, Munkhzol Malchinkhuu, Munkhtstetseg Janlav
Medical Sciences.2020; 8(3): 38. CrossRef
Meta-analysis of the association between adiponectin SNP 45, SNP 276, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Yuwei Dong, Gongping Huang, Xin Wang, Zhaoming Chu, Jingzhi Miao, Houwen Zhou, Mingqing Xu
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(10): e0241078. CrossRef
Association of three SNPs in adiponectin gene with lipid traits of Tianzhu Black Muscovy (Cairina moschata)
Yuan-Yu Qin, Yi-Yu Zhang, Hua-Lun Luo, Lei Wu
Molecular Biology Reports.2019; 46(1): 325. CrossRef

Effect of 17-beta Estradiol on Adipocyte Lipin-1 Expression in OLETF Rat.: Eun Seok Kang, In Sook Kim, Seok Jin Ko, Chul Hoon Kim, Sung Wan Chun, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(3):199-205. Published online September 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.3.199

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
17 beta-estradiol is known to play an important role in glucose homeostasis. Lipin-1 is a nuclear protein that is essential in adipocyte differentiation and it is considered to play a role in ectopic fat deposition and the redistribution of fat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the lipin-1 expression in the adipocytes of OLETF rats, which is an animal model of diabetes. METHODS: The OLETF rats were divided into 3 groups, 1) the sham-operation group (SHAM) 2) the castrated group (CAST) and 2) the castrated and estradiol treatment group (EST), and all the rats were at 6 weeks of age. LETO rats were used as a control group (LETO). 0.1 mg of estradiol valerate was injected subcutaneously every 4 weeks in the rats of the EST group. The visceral and subcutaneous tissues were isolated to evaluate the lipin-1 protein expression. The lipin-1 expression was measured in human visceral and subcutaneous preadipocytes. RESULTS: Less body weight gain was observed in the EST group compared with that of the SHAM group. In addition, improvement in the glucose tolerance was observed in the EST group. The lipin-1 expression in visceral fat was decreased in the SHAM and CAST groups, but it was but recovered in the EST group. The lipin-1 expression in the subcutaneous fat was decreased in the SHAM, CAST, and EST groups. CONCLUSION: Long term estradiol treatment in OLETF rats reduces the body weight gain and improves the glucose tolerance. Estradiol enhances the lipin-1 protein expression in the visceral adipocytes, but not in the subcutaneous adipocytes.

Citations

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Effect of 17-beta Estradiol on Adipocyte Lipin-1 Expression in OLETF Rat
Seong-Kyu Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2010; 25(3): 177. CrossRef

Retractions of Publication

Retraction: Expression of RET in Thyroid Diseases of a Korean Population.: Si Hoon Lee, Soon Won Hong, Woo Chul Moon, Myoung Ryur Oh, Jin Kyung Lee, Bong Soo Cha, Chul Woo Ahn, Kyung Rae Kim, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(1):70. Published online February 1, 2008

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Retraction: Contributing Factors to Different Natural Courses of Posttansplantation Diabetes Mellitus in Renal Allograft Recipients.: Kyu Yeon Hur, Myoung Soo Kim, Jae Hyun Nam, Eun Seok Kang, Hyun Joo Lee, So Hun Kim, Bong Soo Cha, Chul Woo Ahn, Soon Il Kim, Yu Seun Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(6):479. Published online December 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.6.479

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PDF

Case Reports

A Case of Turner's Syndrome with Transient Hypopituitarism.: Ji Sun Nam, Min Ho Cho, Jung Min Roh, Hai Jin Kim, Ji Eun Yoon, Han Young Jung, Jong Suk Park, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(4):266-271. Published online August 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.4.266

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Abstract PDF: Turner's syndrome is characterized by short stature and gonadal dysgenesis, and it is often associated with various systemic manifestations, such as cardiovascular, renal, thyroidal, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal disorders. Though very rare, it can also be accompanied by hypopituitarism. It is important to give a meticulous medical attention to short females with gonadal dysgenesis so that neither disease is neglected or gets delayed diagnosis. In this case, Turner's syndrome and hypopituitarism were diagnosed almost simultaneously, but hypopiuitarism was transient, and the normal pituitary function was recovered spontaneously without any treatment. Initial sella MRI showed mild congenital hypoplastic hypopituitarism, and combined pituitary function test was compatible with hypopituitarism, but after 5 years, though growth hormone deficiency was still present, otherwise normal pituitary function was noted without any change in MRI. Herein, we are reporting a case of Turner's syndrome with transient idiopathic hypopituitarism with the review of literature.

A Case of Autoimmune Hypoglycemia due to Insulin Antibody in Patient with End Stage Renal Disease.: Ji Ye Jung, Eun Seok Kang, Beom Seok Kim, Sung Wan Chun, Yumie Rhee, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Eun Jig Lee, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(6):536-541. Published online December 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.6.536

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Abstract PDF: Fasting hypoglycemia results from several mechanisms. Autoimmune hypoglycemia is one of the rare causes of hypoglycemia, and characterized by hyperinsulinemia, fasting hypoglycemia and the presence of autoantibodies to insulin or insulin receptor. We report here on a 64-year-old male patient with autoimmune hypoglycemia with end stage renal disease. He had no history of diabetes or insulin use. He had experienced several severe hypoglycemic events. The serum C-peptide level was 7.48 ng/mL and the insulin concentration was 115.4 micro U/mL when the fasting plasma glucose level was 88 mg/dL. The insulin to glucose ratio was 5.42, which suggested the presence of insulinoma. Yet the radiologic studies, including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography and selective calcium stimulated venous sampling revealed no evidence of insulinoma. The insulin autoantibody level was 62 micro U/mL. Therefore, we could diagnosis the autoimmune hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemia was treated with prednisolone and the patient recovered from this. His insulin level decreased to 21.11 micro U/mL and the insulin autoantibody level decreased to 34 micro U/mL. Hypoglycemia in the hemodialysis patients is not uncommon. One should bear in mind autoimmune hypoglycemia as one of the causes of hypoglycemia in patients with no history of diabetes.

Original Articles

Contributing Factors to Different Natural Courses of Posttansplantation Diabetes Mellitus in Renal Allograft Recipients.: Kyu Yeon Hur, Myoung Soo Kim, Jae Hyun Nam, Eun Seok Kang, Hyun Joo Lee, So Hun Kim, Bong Soo Cha, Chul Woo Ahn, Soon Il Kim, Yu Seun Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(5):373-381. Published online October 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.5.373

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
New onset diabetes is a major complication after kidney transplantation. However, the natural course of posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the detailed natural courses of PTDM according to the onset and persistency of hyperglycemia, and to investigate risk factors for development of different courses of PTDM in renal allograft recipients. METHODS: A total of 77 renal allograft recipients without previously known diabetes were enrolled and performed a serial 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 0, 1, and 7 years after kidney transplantation. Patients were classified according to the onset and persistency of PTDM: early PTMD (E-PTDM), late PTDM (L-PTDM), persistent PTDM (P-PTDM), transient PTMD (T-PTDM), and non-PTDN (N-PTDM). RESULTS: The incidence of each group was as follows: E-PTDM, 39%; L-PTDM, 11.7%; P-PTDM, 23.4% T-PTDM, 15.6%; N-PTDM, 49.3%. Tacrolimus and female gender were associated with the development of E-PTDM. Among E-PTDM, age at transplantation was a high risk factor for the development of P-PTDM. Higher BMI at year1 was associated with the development of L-PTDM. CONCLUSION: Different risk factors were associated with various natural courses of PTDM. Since old age and female gender are not modifiable risk factors, it may be important to modify immunosuppressive therapy regimens for the prevention of E-PTDM and control of body weight for L-PTDM.

Citations

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Efficacy and Safety of Gemigliptin in Post-Transplant Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Jaehyun Bae, Youjin Kim, Yongin Cho, Minyoung Lee, Ji-Yeon Lee, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Bong-Soo Cha, Dong Jin Joo, Kyu Ha Huh, Myoung Soo Kim, Yu Seun Kim, Eun Seok Kang
Transplantation Proceedings.2019; 51(10): 3444. CrossRef
Post-transplantation Diabetes Mellitus
Kun-Ho Yoon
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2006; 21(5): 370. CrossRef

The Relationship between the Leptin Concentration and the Small Dense Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration in Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Wan Sub Shim, Hae Jin Kim, Eun Seok Kang, Yu Mie Rhee, Chul Woo Ahn, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Bong Soo Cha; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):319-327. Published online August 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.319

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Leptin has been suggested as a possible cause of atherosclerotic disease. The small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has also been regarded as a new surrogate marker in atherosclerotic disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the leptin concentration and the small dense LDL-C concentration in Korean type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: One hundred-ninety one type 2 diabetic patients, who did not use any medication that could affect the concentration of lipid such as statin, fibrate, thiazolidinediones and corticosteroid, were enrolled in this study. We analyzed the relationship between leptin, the small dense LDL-C and the other metabolic parameters. RESULTS: The small dense LDL-C concentrations were higher in the group with the highest tertile of the leptin value, both in males and females than those patients in the group with the lowest tertile of the leptin value. The small dense LDL-C concentrations were also higher in the group with the highest tertile of leptin divided by the BMI value both in males and females than those patients in the group with the lowest tertile of the leptin value. The leptin concentration was positively correlated with the small dense LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, insulin and HOMAIR values after adjusting for age, gender and BMI. CONCLUSION: The association between leptin and small dense LDL-C could be a factor that explains the association between leptin and cardiovascular disease.

Citations

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Relationships among Serum Adiponectin, Leptin and Vitamin D Concentrations and the Metabolic Syndrome in Farmers
Seo-Eun Yeon, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 12. CrossRef
The Effect of Visceral Fat Area and Adipocytokines on Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study in Adult Korean Population
Kang-Kon Lee, Young-Sung Suh, Keun-Sang Yum
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2012; 21(1): 57. CrossRef

Case Reports

A Case of Patient with Opioid-Induced Adrenocortical Insufficiency and Hypogonadism.: Hai Jin Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Jong Suk Park, Jina Park, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(3):257-260. Published online June 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.3.257

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Abstract PDF: Opioids are known to decrease plasma cortisol and testosterone level in human and other mammals. Nowadays, opioid use is exponentially increasing, but little is known about its side effects. With the help of progressive human science, we can habit longer life and as result, are becoming more avid for healthy life. In this respect, analgesics play important role in maintaining good and healthy quality of life. For this reason, it is important to fully understand its side effects and handle it with special precaution. We are reporting a 22-year-old male who had been taken opioid analgesic for more than six years to relieve chronic, intractable headache. Then, his hormone test revealed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism combined with hypoadrenocorticotropic hypoadrenalism but showed no definite clinical features except for sexual frigidity. After two years of oxycodon discontinuation, we reevaluated that his hormone test, and all other laboratory tests returned to the normal range.

Reversible Pituitary Dysfunction in a Patient with Cushing's Syndrome due to Adrenal Adenoma.: Jee Hyun Kong, Kyung Wook Kim, Hei Jin Kim, Ji Sun Nam, Jin A Park, Jong Sook Park, Chul Sik Kim, Byung Soo Moon, Soon Won Hong, Chul Woo Ahn, Kyung Rae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(2):146-152. Published online April 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.2.146

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Abstract PDF: A 45-year-old woman who complained of weight gain and irregular menstruation was diagnosed as having Cushing's syndrome due to a 3 cm sized left adrenal adenoma. She underwent left adrenalectomy, and she also underwent combined anterior pituitary tests before and 9 months after the surgery. The growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels failed to respond to hypoglycemia before the surgery, but their responses recovered after the surgery. Cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone failed to respond to hypoglycemia and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) before the surgery, respectively, but these were improved after the surgery. Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and prolactin adequately responded to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and TRH, respectively, before and after the surgery. However, the basal levels of these hormones were higher after adrenalectomy, suggesting that hypercortisolemia had a significant influence on all the pituitary hormones.

A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Hai Jin Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Hyun Chul Je, Jina Park, Jong Suk Park, Jee Hyun Kong, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Hang Suk Jang, Soon Won Hong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(1):79-84. Published online February 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.1.79

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Abstract PDF

This is the first report of papillary thyroid carcinoma combined with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). It is an hereditary syndrome characterized by neoplastic disorders such as pituitary adenoma, parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, such as gastrinoma just like in our case. But sometimes pheochromocytoma, mucosal ganglioneuromas, lipoma, forgut carcinoid and thyroid disease could be accompany the disease, but coincidental papillary thyroid carcinoma was never reported before in Korea. Herein we represent a 39-year-old woman who manifested typical features of MEN 1 with coincidental papillary thyroid carcinoma. Despite with definite family history of MEN 1, her genetic analysis of DNA had not found any germline mutation in MEN 1 gene. Unidentified culprit gene unable further genetic study of finding LOH (loss of heterogeneity) in 11q13, the possible explanation of papillary thyroid carcinoma as a new component of MEN 1. As we have experienced a case of MEN 1 combined with papillary thyroid carcinoma, we report it with the review of literature.

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A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I with Atypical Clinical Course
Yun Sun Choi, Youn Sun Bai, Bon Jeong Ku, Young Suk Jo, Young Kun Kim, Heung Kyu Ro, Minho Shong
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2008; 23(4): 266. CrossRef

A Case of Acromegaly Caused by Double Pituitary Adenomas.: Hai Jin Kim, Chul Sik Kim, Jong Suk Park, Jina Park, Jee Hyun Kong, Ji Sun Nam, Chul Woo Ahn, Bong Soo Cha, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Soon Won Hong; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(1):53-57. Published online February 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.1.53

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Abstract PDF: Acromegaly is a clinical syndrome, which is caused by an excess of growth hormone (GH), most commonly secreted from a pituitary solitary adenoma. However, our patient had bilateral GH-secreting pituitary tumors, the incidence of which has been reported in only 1.3 to 1.69% of all acromegalic patients. A 59-year-old female, with no family history of pituitary adenomas, demonstrated an increased level of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and GH not suppressed after 75 g oral glucose loading. On a preoperative MRI, only one pituitary tumor, measuring 1.1 x 0.7 cm, could be observed using sellar MRI. After surgical resection of the tumor, her headache and myalgia were sustained, and the IGF-1 level was still in a high titer. Therefore, a follow-up sellar MRI was taken, and a 0.6 x 0.7 cm sized newly growing pituitary tumor was found on the other side. With a retrospective review of radiological examinations, the patient was found to have bilateral tumors. The 0.3 cm sized tumor on the left was too small to be detected on the preoperative MRI. As the patient preferred medical treatment after surgery, she was treated with sandostatin analogues. Acromegaly with bilateral GH-secreting pituitary tumors, is a very rare disease, with no previous case having been reported in Korea. Herein, we report the case with a review of the literature.

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